1 10 2 https://theses.otagogeology.org.nz/files/original/9d4aac37f5afa322ea53cb27c3ec9d5f.pdf 0f9bf823dc13e75e9b4dce3234636519 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Geology theses OU Geology thesis Thesis or dissertation completed by University of Otago Geology students Author last name Last name of the Author Robinson Project type Is it an MSc, PhD, BSc(Hons) or PGDipSci? MSc Advisers Who supervised/advised this student Lee D.E. Abstract The Abstract for this thesis The bioclastic limestone exposed in the small, long disused quarry known as Everett's Quarry, near Kakanui, North Otago, contains probably the most diverse invertebrate fossil of Cenozoic age in New Zealand. The assemblage in the Everett's Quarry limestone (EQl) appears to be a biocoenosis (life assemblage) which accumulated on the upper flanks or top of a volcanic seamount. A single 235 gram sample extracted from an uncemented, friable upper layer yielded ea. 300 different species of brachiopods, molluscs, bryozoans, foraminifera, ostracods, corals, echinoderms, serpulids, barnacles etc from the sediment fraction greater than 2 phi (0.25 mm). Thus the EQl provides an exceptional window into Late Eocene biodiversity in a mid latitude, shallow southern hemisphere biota. This study demonstrates that the species diversity in the EQl in the Late Eocene is at least as great as that of the skeletal carbonate sediments presently accumulating in the Three Kings region (Keane, 1986). This thesis discusses the morphology, systematics and paleoecology of thirteen species of brachiopod and twelve species of bivalve mollusc from Everett' s Quarry. One Recent species of inarticulate brachiopod is redescribed and three new species of inarticulate brachiopod, one Recent and two of Late Eocene age are described. A study is made of brachiopod pedicle traces in carbonate shells from Everett' s Quarry and other Recent and fossil localities. New illustrations of 53 species of benthic foraminifera, 23 species of ostracod and 80 species of bryozoan from Everett' s Quarry are presented together with a list of all known taxa from the EQI. Fossil Novocrania huttoni from Everett's Quarry and two older localities is described for the first time. Recent Valdiviathyris quenstedi is redescribed and figured in detail; the unique internal processes are considered to be the site of attachment for the brachial protractor muscles. A new fossil species Valdiviathyris campbelli of Late Eocene age is described. Two new species of spinose Novocrania are described; living N. spinina and fossil N. spinosa of Late Eocene age. Aetheia gualteri and Tegulorhynchia sublaevis are described briefly. Liothyrella concentrica is described and ratios of shell dimensions of L. concentrica and other fossil and Recent Liothyrella species in New Zealand are compared. L. circularis and L. kakanuiensis are .placed in synonymy. Terebratulina suessi is described and a lengthfrequency analysis is carried out an of assemblage of 874 specimens from a single sample of Everetts Quarry limestone. The analysis suggests that the 874 specimens represent a life assemblage, that T. suessi has a steady growth rate during its adult lifetime and that increasing levels of competition for space among brachiopods results in an increasing mortality rate. A new fossil species, Argyrotheca oamarutica, is described from Everett' s Quarry and a number of other localities. M age !la carinata is briefly described. Terebratella oamarutica is reassigned to the genus Aneboconcha and a possible close taxonomic relationship with Magella carinata is suggested. Neobouchardia minima is briefly described. Stethothyris uttleyi is described; the pedicle muscle scars are analysed and a free-living mode of life is proposed for this species. The three main pedicle types of brachiopods, and characteristic footprints made by each type of pedicle are discussed. Some subfamiles of brachiopod have distinctive footprints. The ichnogenus and ichnospecies of Bromley & Surlyk (1973) are rediagnosed and two new ichnogenera are proposed. New terms 'colonist' and 'host' are proposed for an attached brachiopod and its calcareous shelled animal substrate respectively. Colonisthost relationships within a single brachiopod species; between two brachiopod species; and between brachiopod and mollusc species are traced back to the latest Eocene and Miocene. Bivalve molluscs Pteria sp.; Semipallium sp.; Serripecten n. sp. A and new species Serripecten n. sp. B; Mesopeplum sp.; two probable new species of Cyclochlamys, A and B; Dimya sp.; Anomia sp., Pododesmus sp.; Limatula trulla; Limea sp. and Pycnodonte (Notostrea) subdentata are briefly described and their Recent and fossil occurrences in New Zealand are discussed. A gastropod operculum, probably of the family Colloniinae, and a cephalopod Aturia sp. are described briefly. The bivalve mollusc fauna are largely attached forms suggesting an environment with significant current activity. An assemblage of 524 upper valves of Pycnodonte (Notostrea) subdentata was measured and the resulting mortality rate suggests they are a life assemblage. Three different types of predatory drill hole which are found in the bivalve mollusca and other taxa at Everett's Quarry are described and possible predators discussed. Department The department where the student is studying primarily. Geology Named locality Named locality describing the field area location. Kakanui Thesis description Number of pages, maps, CDs, etc. xiii. 292 p. ill. 30 cm. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2004Robinson Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robinson, Jeffrey H. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Title A name given to the resource Brachiopod and molluscan faunas of Everett's Quarry, Kakanui Subject The topic of the resource paleontology barnacles. brachiopods bryozoans Cenozoic corals echinoderms Everetts Quarry forminifera Kakanui molluscs ostracods serpulids https://theses.otagogeology.org.nz/files/original/34f3db306455bf51c92343cc00b05f90.pdf 29b212b55dc294eb50137fe2ab5728c6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Geology theses OU Geology thesis Thesis or dissertation completed by University of Otago Geology students Location WKT (WGS84) The location stored in WKT (WGS84) format POLYGON ((167.319926339169086 -46.230938908774903,167.398805834655548 -45.606059936729622,169.382835275988839 -45.700576956785675,169.324976341123374 -46.652507133277147,169.256459797070193 -46.668143028945323,169.089785357096844 -46.67684854491354,168.918165602435352 -46.681561679411423,168.834286746215497 -46.624951237329611,168.787288367027259 -46.562500198257936,168.706075728260004 -46.541614033185127,168.534199032885937 -46.61718214711243,168.418719401432895 -46.634040421075177,168.303327634944111 -46.529326555638015,168.283404307689693 -46.460630430996879,168.177021531029794 -46.37759108063802,168.111448921575033 -46.36051040356714,167.997075396075331 -46.369841192340381,167.870053258651808 -46.403496022869703,167.777500347978531 -46.399295439686227,167.71310216883893 -46.317732541666942,167.645765594995908 -46.26814708107004,167.510894900373501 -46.226006468906412,167.374445943503702 -46.251506514990965,167.303455002844572 -46.240834629324425,167.299809635800045 -46.226361729467889,167.319926339169086 -46.230938908774903)) Author last name Last name of the Author Hyden Project type Is it an MSc, PhD, BSc(Hons) or PGDipSci? PhD Advisers Who supervised/advised this student Carter, R.M. Campbell, J.D. Abstract The Abstract for this thesis Mid-Tertiary temperate-water shelf carbonates are extensively developed in Southland and provide excellent examples of Bryozoan-dominated bioclastic sediments which can be matched with smilar bryozoan-dominated assemblages accumulating on the Otago shelf today. Tertiary sedimentation in the Southland Plains and adjacent areas can be attributed to a simple transgressive-regressive episode on which was superimposed local tectonic events and regional palaeo-oceanographic and eustatic sea-level changes. Late Cretaceous-Eocene alluvial, lacustrine and deltaic sediments uncomfortably overlie basement rocks. East of the Oreti River, marginal marine beds grade up into shallow marine mudstones of the Winton Hill Formation (early-mid Oligocene, Lwh-Ld) and highly glauconitic sandy mudstones, algal foraminiferid biomicsparrudites and glauconitic biomicrites (Waimea Member) of the Chatton Formation (late Oligocene; Ld-Lw). At Castle Rock, shallow marine mudstones underly foraminiferid-algal and bryozoan biomicsparites of the Caslte Downs FOrmation (late Oligocene-early Miocene; LD-Po). Laterla facies variations suggest a complex coastal and nearshore physiography; the disposition of coars, basement-derived detritus and algal-rich sediment suggests the presence of locally emergent basement highs. Evidence of very low sedimentation rates, periods of non-deposition, vigourous nearshore erosion is provided by abundant (oolitic) glauconite and limonite, phosphatised (intra)clasts, and a high degree of bioturbation, five omission surfaces occur at the top of the Chatton Formation at Woody Knoll. Coarse, channelised and sheet-like congrolmerates occur locally above the discontinuity (Sharks Tooth Hill Member, Forest Hill Formation) and tectonic instrability may have caused mass failure of coarse detritus. The conglomerates coincide with a change in sedimentary regime - from inner neritic calcareous sandntones, algal-foraminiferid biosparites, or bivalve-cirriped biomicsparrudites (locally formaing a submarine hard ground) to mid-outer neritic bryozoan-dominated facies (Woody Knoll Member, FOrest Hill Formation). The absence of corals and green algae, calcareouse ooids and pallets, and chemically precipitated micrite is consistent with temperate rather than troopical palalatitudes. Bryozoan rudites are the dominant facies within the Forest Hill Formation (late Oligocene-early Miocene; ?Lw··Pl), but fluctuating wind and wave-dominated hydraulic regimes and an irregular sea-floor topography gave rise to a complex mosaic of terrigenous-rich and terrigenous poor bioclastic facies. Twenty-seven traction-emplaced or in situ bioclastic or terrigenous facies and three mass-emplaced facies, plus a number of subfacies, have been recognised. Once a bryozoan-brachiopod and thence bryozoan-dominated assemblage became established through an ecological succession, bryozoans and associated faunas covered considerable areas of the sea-floor during a period of tectonic quiescence. Fragmented bryozoan skeletons, mostly cylindrical branching forms, provided adequate substrate for growth of successive colonies and although in situ colonies were rare, broken colonies have not been transported far from their living site. Nodular, free-living hemispherical and hermit bryozoan colonies are particularly conspicuous. Eocene-Oligocene sedimentation patterns west of the Oreti River contrasted with that exposed in the Forest Hill - Fernhill district and at Castle Rock. Rapidly subsiding flysch basins developed in the Waiau and Te Anau areas, coinciding with inception of the Alpine Fault oblique continental plate boundary. Smaller N-NNE trending fault-controlled basins were also established, and rapidly filled, east of the Longwoods (Oreti-Aparima basin) and east of the Takitimu Mountains (Braxton basin). The sequence at Clifden and in the Alton Burn records sedimentation on the margin of the Waiau flysch basin. Basal (Eocene) non-marine and marginal marine carbonaceous mudstones and sandstones with thin lignite horizons are overlain by richly microfossiliferous early-mid Oligocene (Lwh-Ld) deep--water mudstones. These sediments, probably deposited on the basinal slope, correspond to the period of maximum transgression further east; they grade up into late Oligocene sandy mudstones and bryozoan-molluscan-foraminiferid biosparites (Te Karara Formation). Emplacement of thick conglomerates (Sharks Tooth Hill Member) heralded an abrupt change in sedimentary regime - from off shore mudstcnes to shallower, neritic bryozoan rudites (Woody Knoll Member). The apparently younger age of the Forest Hill Formation at Clifden (Po-Pl) compared to that at Forest Hill (?Lw-Pl) is consistent with westward progradation of the carbonate shelf across the now-filled Oreti-Aparima basin and the partially, if not totally submerged Longwoods basement high. Neritic channels provided a conduit for transporting bioclastic sediments into the still subsiding Waiau basin. A gradual increase in terrigenous detritus towards the top of the Forest Hill Formation reflects gradual shoaling. At Forest Hill, the limestones are overlain by inner neritic sandy mudstones and carbonaceous facies, and the regressive sequence mirrors that of the transgression. At Clifden, the limestones are overlain by neritic sandstones (mid-Miocene). Sedimentation rates of the order of 1-2 cm/1000 years are considered likely for the Forest Hill Formation. Such low rates of deposition in a temperate water envirorunent periodically gave rise to CaCO3 undersaturation. Consequent sea-floor dissolution of aragonitic and some high-Mg calcite skeletons was arrested only by early lithification in micritic sediments, or by low permeability (e.g. in terrigenous mud-rich sediments). The observed diagenetic sequence within ·the Forest Hill and Castle Downs formations can be explained by restricted submarine cementation, or close to the sediment-water interface (soft sediment to a depth of several cms was widespread). With shallow burial (tens of metres), ferroan calcites were widely precipitated (phreatic zone). Evidence of subsequent uplift east of the Longwoods is provided by vadose goethite cements which postdate early ferroan calcite rim cements and predate mesogenetic, pore--filling ferroan sparrites. At Castle Rock, the position of a fossil water table can be delineated on the basis of goethite distribution. A more complex diagenetic sequence occurs in facies associated with a submarine hardground at Forest Hill.. Six distinct cement generations are recognised, including ferromanganese and haematite/goethite phases. Oligocene-Miocene limestone turbidites of the Waiau and Braxton basins are of comparable lithology to the bioclastic limestones of the Forest Hill and Castle Downs formations, but the turbidites possess quite different diagenetic histories which reflect their different depositional and diagenetic environments. The role of compaction is probably the single most important factor in diagenesis of the limestones. Coarse calcarenite to calcirudite grade bioclastic sediments have been sufficiently compacted to reduce high initial porosities to less than 10%. Dissolution of aragonitic skeletons, interpenetrative grain contacts, and selective intergranular solution of bioclasts within terrigenous clay-rich horizons, provided sufficient carbonate solutions to further reduce this porosity to less than 2%. Department The department where the student is studying primarily. Geology Named locality Named locality describing the field area location. Southland Thesis description Number of pages, maps, CDs, etc. 487 p., 44 leaves of plates : ill (some col.) ; 30 cm. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1979Hyden_FM Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hyden, Fiona Mary. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Title A name given to the resource Mid-tertiary temperate shelf bioclastic limestones, Southland, New Zealand. Subject The topic of the resource Mineralogy Paleontology Sedimentology Cenozoic brachiopods bryozoa glauconite limonite paleoecology