1 10 2 https://theses.otagogeology.org.nz/files/original/db8f0802f3d5f71185c426200dd501a1.pdf 1c947017f58671c90aa4b78f0fbbe979 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Geology theses OU Geology thesis Thesis or dissertation completed by University of Otago Geology students Location WKT (WGS84) The location stored in WKT (WGS84) format POLYGON ((170.187137494384501 -45.510032427669636,170.200030816787518 -45.506181643648311,170.210429485329627 -45.501375358354139,170.219528718734324 -45.497131876199923,170.256736333604664 -45.498032182761428,170.252450519762476 -45.542583979714777,170.186017827729188 -45.540965555793733,170.187137494384501 -45.510032427669636)) Author last name Last name of the Author Kaulfuss Project type Is it an MSc, PhD, BSc(Hons) or PGDipSci? PhD Advisers Who supervised/advised this student Lee, D.E. Wilson, G.S. Gorman, A.R. Abstract The Abstract for this thesis Foulden Maar is a latest Oligocene-earliest Miocene maar-diatreme volcano located in a vent cluster of the monogenetic Waipiata Volcanic Field in Otago, New Zealand. The present–day erosion level exposes a 1000 x 650 m wide maar crater that is filled by fossiliferous diatomite. At nearby Gladsmuir, stratified phreatomagmatic pyroclastic tuff, lapilli tuff and breccia of the upper diatreme zone of a second maar–diatreme volcano are capped and transected by coherent basanite that indicates late–eruptive magmatic explosive and effusive activity. Other volcanic remnants in the vicinity represent eroded lava plugs and lava flow units of similar age but without genetic relation to Foulden Maar. The pre–eruptive stratigraphy above the schist basement is largely eroded in the area but a sedimentary sequence consisting of unconsolidated late Eocene–Oligocene glauconitic sands and fluvial–palustrine sediments of presumably late Oligocene–early Miocene age (Dunstan Formation) can be reconstructed from local erosion remnants and accidental lithic clasts in maar tephra at Gladsmuir and reworked maar tephra at Foulden Maar. At Foulden Maar, a ~188 m thick crater–infilling sequence was investigated in surface pits and two drilling cores. Four distinct lithozones (LZ 1–4) were recognized, each including a characteristic assemblage of lithofacies types that reflect the post–eruptive sedimentation history of the maar crater and the environmental factors that operated during the crater–infilling period. A massive breccia rich in country rock fragments in an ash and mud matrix in the basal LZ 1 was deposited by a voluminous, cohesive mass–flow in the central part of the immediate post–eruptive crater, when the crater walls and the inner slopes of the tephra rim were steep and unstable. A 62 m thick sequence of massive or graded, coarse to fine–clastic lithofacies types in lithozone 2 represents subaqueously emplaced debris flow and turbidity current deposits. The existence of a maar lake at this depositional stage is evidenced by textural features of lithofacies types in LZ 2 and by limnic microfossils such as sponge spicules and algal remains. Mainly dense and blocky, vitric ash and lapilli–sized clasts that are present in LZ 2 are reworked juvenile clasts of the tephra rim and exhibit textural features that are in agreement with a phreatomagmatic explosive eruption style at Foulden Maar. Quartz sand grains and glauconite, mud– and sandstone clasts and lignite fragments found in mass–flow horizons in LZ 2 represent accidental lithic clasts of the tephra rim and support inferences about the pre–eruptive stratigraphy from field mapping. Facies types in lithozone 3, at 115.18–101.55 m in core FM 2, include massive and stratified clastic mass–flow deposits with smaller grain–size and bed thickness than in LZ 2. They reflect sedimentation mainly from turbidity currents and minor cohesive debris flows from proximal slopes of the maar lake basin. Deep, meromictic conditions and seasonally increased bioproductivity within the maar lake are evidenced by thin intervals of laminated diatomite in LZ 3. Lithozone 4 consists of 106 m of laminated and non–laminated diatomite that indicates a biogenic fall–out sedimentation mainly controlled by bioproductivity of diatoms and sponges, and sporadic mass–flow events within the maar lake basin. The preserved lamination, the presence of organic matter, articulated fish and insects, and the absence of bioturbation confirm a calm and anoxic sedimentary environment at the lake bottom. The constant composition and thickness of lamination throughout LZ 4 reflects stable environmental conditions over a period of ~127,000 years, during which time mass–flow events decreased in frequency due to infilling of the lake basin. At this depositional period, the lake was surrounded by a subtropical evergreen forest. The lack of fluvial and eolian sediments in the studied sequence indicates a small catchment area for the crater sedimentation and a hydrologically closed system for the maar lake. Four tephra beds present in LZ 3 and 4 indicate nearby strombolian eruptions contemporaneous with maar lake sedimentation. In addition to previous paleontological studies that were mainly focussed on plant fossils, numerous new arthropods, fish, and trace fossils discovered and described in this study provide valuable new insights into the paleoecosystem at Foulden Maar and a novel perspective on the terrestrial biodiversity of Zealandia about 23 million years ago. Arthropods were a key component of the forest ecosystem at the maar lake, including representatives of the Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, possibly Blattodea, Araneae and Acari. Among 13 confirmed insect families, the curculionid beetles (weevils) and Formicidae (ants) are most diverse. The majority of insects are ground–dwelling, forest litter and wood–living taxa with low dispersal ability. Flying and aquatic insects are rare. Arthropod–plant interactions on plant fossils include external foliage feeding, galling, leaf mining, piercing–and–sucking and seed predation as well as foliar domatia and flowers with insect pollination syndrome, which indicates a well established terrestrial ecosystem in Zealandia at the Oligocene–Miocene boundary. The taxonomic composition of the arthropod taphocoenosis is in agreement with a warm temperate to subtropical paleoclimate. Collectively, these fossils represent the first pre–Quaternary terrestrial arthropod fauna from New Zealand. The first evidence of larval stages of Galaxias effusus Lee, McDowall & Lindqvist 2007 supports previous suggestions that this fish species was non–migratory and locked to the maar lake. The predominance of juvenile stages of this species is likely related to seasonal diatom blooms. Anguilla sp. described in this study represents the first non–European fossil of freshwater eels. It contradicts previous suggestions of an absence of Anguilla from Miocene New Zealand and challenges the timing of radiation of freshwater eels determined from molecular phylogeny. Three morphotypes of coprolites can be linked to ontogenetic stages of Galaxias effusus and Anguilla sp. but most of the morphologically and compositionally diverse coprolite types found in this study represent vertebrate taxa that are currently not known from body fossils. Together, the fossil plants and animals from Foulden Maar provide a unique window into a mid-latitude, low elevation southern New Zealand terrestrial ecosystem. Some of the plants and animals have close living representatives in the modern New Zealand biota, but many taxa are now extinct in New Zealand. This is the first detailed account of a pre-Quaternary maar deposit in the Southern Hemisphere. OURArchive handle The handle from the Otago University Research Archive (OURArchive) <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10523/3838">http://hdl.handle.net/10523/3838</a> OURArchvive access level Abstract Only Department The department where the student is studying primarily. Geology Named locality Named locality describing the field area location. Foulden Maar central Otago. Thesis description Number of pages, maps, CDs, etc. iv, 322, [38] pages : illustrations (some colour), maps (some colour), ; 30 cm. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2013Kaulfuss Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kaulfuss, Uwe Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Title A name given to the resource Geology and Paleontology of Foulden Maar, Otago, New Zealand Subject The topic of the resource Paleontology Late Oligocene Early Miocene Waipiata volcanics Anguilla diatreme Field fossil Foulden insects lake maar Miocene New Zealand pyroclastic Sediment volcanic Waipiata https://theses.otagogeology.org.nz/files/original/fae95c446d9cbc456a933f28961ddae8.pdf 22ad51f91b5ce759df185d363ab44937 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Geology theses OU Geology thesis Thesis or dissertation completed by University of Otago Geology students Author last name Last name of the Author McKercher Project type Is it an MSc, PhD, BSc(Hons) or PGDipSci? MSc Advisers Who supervised/advised this student Martin, C.E. Palin, J.M. Abstract The Abstract for this thesis Provenance of ancient and Cenozoic East Otago and Canterbury Basin sedimentary rocks, modern Haast River and Wairau River bedload river sediment have been investigated using titanium-in-quartz geothermometry grain size analysis coupled with petrography and detrital zircon geochronology. Titanium-in-quartz geothermometry allows determination of crystallisation temperature of quartz on the basis of measured titanium (Ti) concentrations at known pressure and titanium activity ( ). Calculated using the Ti-in-quartz concentration, temperatures can be precise (often better than ±15˚C) for quartz in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Temperature estimates for hydrothermal veins and detrital grains involve additional uncertainties. Analysis of quartz grains is relatively simple and rapid, with data obtained using LA-ICP-MS. Where loose sediment was sampled, grain size splits of 125 – 250, 250 – 500, and 500 – 1000 μm were analysed. To ascertain the possibility of variation in detrital quartz temperatures between grain sizes in sedimentary rocks. Within sediments inferred to be sourced from metamorphic rocks, higher temperature quartz is observed to occur with the smallest 125 – 250 μm split. Modern Haast River sediments represent detritus eroded from the Southern Alps through pumpellyite-actinolite greenschist to garnet-oligoclase amphibolite facies metamorphic basement rocks of the Alpine Schist. Detrital quartz temperatures were observed to vary between grain sizes analysed, with higher temperature quartz typically found within the 125 – 250 μm split. Comparatively the catchment of the Wairau River is composed dominantly of Torlesse Supergroup Greywacke and chlorite greenschist facies Marlborough Schist. A dominantly bimodal distribution was observed throughout all grain sizes analysed with no grain size partitioning of temperatures. Ancient sedimentary lithologies of the East Otago sedimentary sequence and Canterbury Basin reflect widespread marine transgression associated with separation and submersion of the New Zealand continent from Gondwana during the late Cretaceous to late Oligocene. Alpine Fault inception occurred during the Miocene and correlates with deposition of marine regression sedimentary sequences. Additional zircon geochronology was applied to the Green Island Sand to confirm Ti-in-quartz results and provenance interpretations. Ti-in-quartz geothermometry and zircon geochronology provenance interpretations have been found to agree with previous work on ancient sedimentary lithologies and inferred provenance of modern river sediments. Sediments analysed were able to be effectively correlated to basement rocks from around the New Zealand continent. Ti-in-quartz geothermometry has been found to enable provenance determinations from quartz-rich sediments which are geologically reasonable and in keeping with interpretations from studies using other provenance methods. OURArchive handle The handle from the Otago University Research Archive (OURArchive) <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10523/2630">http://hdl.handle.net/10523/2630</a> OURArchvive access level Abstract Only Department The department where the student is studying primarily. Geology Named locality Named locality describing the field area location. South Island New Zealand. Thesis description Number of pages, maps, CDs, etc. xvi, 263 leaves b ill. (some col.), maps (some folded) ; 30 cm + 1 CD-ROM (43/4 in.) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2012McKercher Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource McKercher, Kate. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Title A name given to the resource Titanium-in-quartz geothermometry: tracing siliciclastic sediment across the South Island Subject The topic of the resource Geochemistry east Otago geochemistry Haast River provenance quartz Sediment Titanium-in-quartz Wairau River