1 10 6 https://theses.otagogeology.org.nz/files/original/946cde9a12925510199a73ff2b5452b0.pdf 12c1c9a66180bdb6ea240ecc7c186dff Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Geology theses OU Geology thesis Thesis or dissertation completed by University of Otago Geology students Location WKT (WGS84) The location stored in WKT (WGS84) format MULTIPOLYGON (((168.885947903117 -44.3868052733412,169.230103070856 -44.3965575535404,169.216644972497 -44.6526019245831,168.870984267114 -44.6427529069578,168.885947903117 -44.3868052733412))) Author last name Last name of the Author Maloney Project type Is it an MSc, PhD, BSc(Hons) or PGDipSci? MSc Advisers Who supervised/advised this student White, J.D.L. Abstract The Abstract for this thesis The Lake Wanaka diatreme represents an eroded Oligocene maar-diatreme volcano situated within the Alpine Dike Swarm, northwest Otago, New Zealand. Current levels of exposure display lithofacies that are characteristic of lower diatreme and root zone deposits. There are four main lithofacies exposed within the Lake Wanaka diatreme; (1) country-rock breccia, (2) lapilli tuff and tuff breccia, (3) schist megablocks, and (4) coherent lamprophyre. The country-rock breccia is monomict and composed of randomly orientated schist clasts millimetre to a metre in size with no juvenile material present. Lapilli tuff and tuff breccias are unbedded, poorly mixed, and clast-supported by juvenile pyroclasts. They contain common composite loaded pyroclasts with dispersed schist lithics within. The schist megablocks are large blocks of schist country-rock up to 4 m in size that protrude from cliffs of the coherent lamprophyre. The coherent lamprophyre is the most prominent rock within the diatreme, is typically columnar jointed, and contains xenoliths of schist and peridotite, plus amphibole megacrysts. The country-rock breccia represents the deposit of rock fall into an open cavity, sourced from weakened and unstable wall rock. The open cavity was created by explosions, probably thermohydraulic, within the root zone that drove volcanic material upwards, leaving behind a temporarily evacuated volume. Further volcanic activity produced shaking that led to the clasts of the country-rock breccia becoming tightly packed in places and caused brittle fragmentation at clast contacts. The large schist megablocks were slabbed off the vent wall, and accumulated on a ledge before becoming enveloped by the lamprophyre. Lapilli tuff and tuff breccia were primarily deposited as spatter. Local agglutination textures can be seen at the point contacts of some juvenile pyroclasts, implying they were above the minimum glass transition temperature. Fragmentation of the magma was driven by bubble bursts or more intensive lava fountaining inferred to have been driven by vapour explosions generated by magma-water interactions at depth. Abundant composite loaded juvenile pyroclasts formed when wall rock lithics were shed into the magma prior to, and during fragmentation. Void space that remained between clasts in the lapilli tuff deposit was later cemented by ankerite. Isotopic signatures of the ankerite suggest it was sourced from mixing between meteoric waters and atmospheric CO2. The columnar jointed coherent lamprophyre is interpreted to have been a late stage intrusive sill that entrained schist xenoliths of various sizes as it intruded the diatreme. Paleomagnetic determination of emplacement temperatures suggests that the lapilli tuff was deposited hot, above 580 °C and the same deposit was later reheated to 295–349 °C. A schist xenolith in the coherent lamprophyre was heated to a minimum of 630 °C. These results indicate high temperatures in the diatreme soon after lapilli tuff deposition, and later heating when a nearby lamprophyre sill was intruded. OURArchive handle The handle from the Otago University Research Archive (OURArchive) <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6895">http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6895</a> OURArchvive access level Open Access Department The department where the student is studying primarily. Geology Named locality Named locality describing the field area location. Wanaka Central Otago Thesis description Number of pages, maps, CDs, etc. xi, 128 pages A4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2016Maloney Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maloney, Samuel Peter (Sam) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Title A name given to the resource Volcanology of the Lake Wanaka diatreme in the Alpine Dike Swarm, New Zealand Subject The topic of the resource Volcanology Alpine dike swarm diatreme Lake Wanaka lamprophyre https://theses.otagogeology.org.nz/files/original/f5cc77cc64d8e790b1fb065244349860.pdf 9b12c00415da53d6f0b29f52a3938748 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Geology theses OU Geology thesis Thesis or dissertation completed by University of Otago Geology students Location WKT (WGS84) The location stored in WKT (WGS84) format POLYGON ((169.449001255111398 -45.233334970424167,169.446825321401917 -45.278995759185221,169.381480173370534 -45.277417866292026,169.39850970053277 -45.232228257690274,169.449001255111398 -45.233334970424167)) Author last name Last name of the Author Yeo Project type Is it an MSc, PhD, BSc(Hons) or PGDipSci? MSc Advisers Who supervised/advised this student Craw, D. Mackenzie, D. Scott, J.M. Abstract The Abstract for this thesis A zone of brittle faults, hosted within the Otago Schist occurs along the NE- trending margin of the Manuherikia valley in Central Otago. The faults were initiated in the Cretaceous with predominantly normal sense of motion. Some faults have been reactivated as reverse structures since the Miocene, offset- ting gold-bearing Cenozoic sediments. Quaternary reactivation has resulted in stepped topography adjacent to the Manuherikia River. Cretaceous fault activity was accompanied by hydrothermal fluid flow and minor alteration of fault rocks and adjacent wall rocks. There are three different styles of faulting within the Tucker Hill area: narrow E-W orientated silicified zones, wide NE-SW orien- tated silicified cataclasite zones, and carbonate-rich, orange-stained zones. The narrow E-W oriented silicified zones have 5-10 cm wide silicified cataclasites along the fault plane, and these dominate the southern end of the area. Some of these zones host veins with euhedral crystals of calcite and quartz. These nar- row zones have a wide range of orientations, often show cross-cutting relation- ships with other faults and are traceable for only short distances (<100 m) along strike. Farther north in the area, wide resistant, silicified slabs of cataclasite, be- tween 2-4 metres across, form resistant ridges across topography. These zones are well exposed, with prominent fault planes containing slickenlines which pre- dominately show a dip-slip sense of motion. These large resistant faults range from moderately to steeply dipping and are largely orientated NE-SW. Inferred fault zones are prominently orange-stained where Fe-rich calcite has been al- tered to limonite, and form easily-eroded lower topographic features within the area such as gullies or saddles between ridges. These inferred fault zones are often associated with remnant Miocene, Dunstan Formation sediments. Some of the inferred zones occur along the same strike as the wide silicified catacla- site zones. Scattered pyrite occurs in some silicified rocks, and there are low but anomalous levels of arsenic and gold in some fault rocks. Two morphologically distinct types of Otago Schist basement have been described at Tucker Hill. The southern section contains a TZIII ”slabby” schist, whereas the northern section has a TZIV ”folded” schist. OURArchive handle The handle from the Otago University Research Archive (OURArchive) <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6138">http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6138</a> OURArchvive access level Open Access Department The department where the student is studying primarily. Geology Named locality Named locality describing the field area location. Manuherikia Fault Zone Alexandra Central Otago Thesis description Number of pages, maps, CDs, etc. xiv, 120 pages A4, A1 map in back pocket folded Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2015Yeo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Yeo, Samantha Louise (Sam) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Title A name given to the resource A Structurally Controlled Hydrothermal System in the Manuherikia Fault Zone, Alexandra, Central Otago Subject The topic of the resource Metamorphic geology Metal-ore depsoits Fault Zone mineralisation Otago Schist https://theses.otagogeology.org.nz/files/original/0327a2fe669e280d3833a4c7e8249f5b.pdf 26b873cccc26690cb198514393062928 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Geology theses OU Geology thesis Thesis or dissertation completed by University of Otago Geology students Location WKT (WGS84) The location stored in WKT (WGS84) format MULTIPOLYGON (((168.451224660724904 -44.885898033364391,168.393783591749468 -44.883590800942457,168.401627872702107 -44.852468047135432,168.459188203246185 -44.852870628255161,168.451224660724904 -44.885898033364391)),((168.911755815476226 -44.798070303351658,168.899281276576318 -44.917188240482815,168.746940966482981 -44.910177645629553,168.759482258347845 -44.794413468896266,168.911755815476226 -44.798070303351658)),((171.916010761828943 -42.250280043141132,171.889992922875564 -42.250635086608682,171.889603128360449 -42.238100068707311,171.916014349335171 -42.238201758443743,171.916010761828943 -42.250280043141132)),((171.899277154527425 -42.163255769324884,171.898684573549104 -42.175259918662931,171.882938502706537 -42.174392794247062,171.882553225204816 -42.163523004393006,171.899277154527425 -42.163255769324884))) Author last name Last name of the Author Druzbicka Project type Is it an MSc, PhD, BSc(Hons) or PGDipSci? PhD Advisers Who supervised/advised this student Craw, D. Pope, J. Abstract The Abstract for this thesis Mining activities inevitably result in changes to the environment and have the potential to cause negative impacts. This work investigates and emphasises the role of geology as the primary control on the environmental issues related to mining activities, whether current or historic. The knowledge and understanding of geological and geochemical factors associated with a particular deposit is crucial in ensuring the prevention and/or minimisation of the environmental impacts of mining operations. Such knowledge is essential for the responsible environmental management of mines. The research presented in this thesis is applied in nature and focuses on mesothermal and associated placer gold deposits located in the South Island of New Zealand. Arsenic and antimony are two metalloids commonly associated with mesothermal deposits, where they are mainly present as minerals arsenopyrite and stibnite, respectively. The mobilisation of these metalloids from deposits is facilitated by near-neutral pH and the greenschist facies rocks hosting mesothermal deposits are characterised by generally high acid neutralising capacity thanks to the presence of carbonate minerals. Arsenic and antimony are known for their toxicity at low levels (e.g. < 0.01 mg/L in water) and therefore their elevated concentrations in waters and solid mine residues and soils are the main environmental concerns with regards to the mining of mesothermal deposits. The presence of metalloids has been studied as part of this work in both active as well as historic mining settings in four different locations. At the active Globe Progress mine in the West Coast, metalloid signatures of mine waters were found to have evolved from Sb/As < 1 to above 1 suggesting that the mobilisation of antimony has proportionally increased with regards to arsenic over the course of over two years since the mine’s opening. The impact of metalloids on aquatic fauna was investigated in a long-term field study and not enough evidence was gathered to suggest their involvement in the decrease in the ecosystem’s health which was found more likely to be attributable to the repeated increased turbidity events in the receiving stream. The choice of mining methods as well as climate as a factor in determining the environmental aspects is also recognised here with the change in mining method from underground to open cast being responsible for the change in the type of ore mined and therefore also the related metalloid signatures. An historic mining processing method of roasting of sulphide-rich ore (especially in an Edwards roaster including an As saving system) was found to influence the mobility of metalloid-bearing mine residues governed by the presence of soluble arsenolite and immobilisation of metalloids through the formation of relatively stable secondary minerals at sites where no roasting in the Edwards roaster has been performed in the past. For example, immobilised As and Sb-bearing residues at the Big River mine were found to contain up to ~20 wt% As and 3.5 wt% Sb. The presence of localised acidic pH conditions was recognised as an important control on the immobilisation of metalloids, ensuring the stability of some of the secondary mineral phases (e.g. scorodite). Turbidity or suspended solids load in waters has been a major environmental issue in New Zealand since the beginning of mining operations in the country. Even though the problem is widely-recognised, not much is known with regards to what controls the levels of turbidity produced and their rates of settling. The geological factors recognised as important in the study of five paleoplacer deposits from Central Otago include the abundance of clay minerals, which is partially dependant on the presence of altered basement rocks in the Central Otago setting as well as the mode of transport and deposition of the sediments. Additional physical factors such as the level of cementation of a deposit were also found to be an important control on turbidity production and dissipation. The appropriate management of active mine sites is crucial in ensuring that the activities are performed in as safe a manner as possible from the environmental point of view. Today, modern mines operate extensive environmental management and monitoring systems and actively work towards improving the existing schemes. The evaluated waste rock management system at the Globe Progress mine, designed to help keep the metalloids on site and prevent their release via waters percolating through waste piles, was found to be working well. Overall, the system correctly categorises waste rocks into two types depending on their predicted arsenic content, and therefore their level of environmental sensitivity, followed by correct handling and storage in appropriate waste piles. The management of historic sites involves the evaluation of their environmental impact on the local environment which should also include an assessment of any potential health and safety risks with regards to the visiting public, which is not always considered at historic sites in New Zealand. In addition, a potential conflict between historical preservation and environmental management has been recognised. On the other hand, the widely-perceived conflict between mining and conservation values has been demonstrated to not always be the case with examples of unique saline habitats forming at two historic placer mining sites in Central Otago. The natural rehabilitation of these sites was found to contribute to the enhancement of the sites’ long-term biodiversity suggesting that natural succession may be important for the establishment of stable and robust ecosystems. OURArchive handle The handle from the Otago University Research Archive (OURArchive) <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10523/4915">http://hdl.handle.net/10523/4915</a> OURArchvive access level Abstract Only Department The department where the student is studying primarily. Geology Named locality Named locality describing the field area location. West Coast Globre progress mine South Island Central Otago Thesis description Number of pages, maps, CDs, etc. xxvi, 2 Parts, 560 pages A4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2014Druzbicka Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Druzbicka, Joanna Barbara (Asia) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Title A name given to the resource Geological controls on environmental impacts and management strategies for mined mesothermal and placer gold deposits Subject The topic of the resource Environmental Geology environmental gold mesothermal metalloids mining placer https://theses.otagogeology.org.nz/files/original/48678091fab8042ff201e1d75ee8ff8b.pdf 8a1d6b0518b6680daded62740f6ec017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Geology theses OU Geology thesis Thesis or dissertation completed by University of Otago Geology students Location WKT (WGS84) The location stored in WKT (WGS84) format POLYGON ((168.263441052158385 -45.213781319153199,168.352476411048542 -45.216970924046329,168.341172263764321 -45.272718178665322,168.256005382413235 -45.270633592081893,168.263441052158385 -45.213781319153199)) Author last name Last name of the Author Anderson Project type Is it an MSc, PhD, BSc(Hons) or PGDipSci? BSc(Hons) Advisers Who supervised/advised this student Moy, C. Abstract The Abstract for this thesis The Southern Hemisphere westerly winds (SHWW) control the amount and distribution of precipitation in the southern mid latitudes and is a key component in the global climate system, yet little is known about how the SHWW has varied in the past. Understanding past variability is crucial to evaluating present and future general circulation models forecasting Southern Hemisphere climate change. Lake Von is a topographically closed lake in southern central Otago situated in the rainshadow of the Southern Alps and is ideally located for reconstructing late Pleistocene and Holocene variability in hydrologic change. A multi-­‐proxy approach incorporating bulk sedimentary organic carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes and concentrations, terrestrial and lacustrine derived biomarkers, and sediment physical properties were measured on multiple sediment cores obtained from the lake. A radiocarbon chronology consisting of 10 dates was applied to the Lake Von composite stratigraphy and produced an age model spanning the last 17,600 years. The age model and down-­‐core geochemical and physical properties were combined to define four hydrologically distinct periods. A deglacial period from 17,600 to 14,500 cal yr BP is characterised by high δ13C and magnetic susceptibility, as sediment transitions from grey inorganic silts to brown organic rich sediments. Relatively low δ13C, δD and the low abundance of green algae biomarkers were observed from 14,500 to 8,500 cal yr BP and is inferred to be a period of low productivity and increased precipitation caused by an intensification and/or equator-­‐ward shift of the SHWW. At 8,500 cal yr Bp an abrupt shift to relatively higher δ13C, δD, and higher abundance of aquatic algae biomarkers occurs, which continues to 4,000 cal yr BP inferring a more productive system driven by warmer summer temperatures that were perhaps driven by increasing summer insolation. From ~4,000 cal yr BP to present, enhanced hydrologic variability is interpreted from all proxies is likely related to increased El-­‐Niño Southern Oscillation variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific. These results are broadly similar to other New Zealand and southern South American paleoclimate records, suggesting a common response to SHWW forcing along similar latitudes during the Holocene and Late Glacial. Department The department where the student is studying primarily. Geology Marine Science Named locality Named locality describing the field area location. Lake Von Central Otago New Zealand Thesis description Number of pages, maps, CDs, etc. iii, 83 pages, maps and illustrations A4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2013Anderson Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anderson, Harris Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Title A name given to the resource A 16,000 year Record of Paleoclimate Variability from Lake Von, Southern Central Otago, New Zealand. Subject The topic of the resource Paleoclimatology Chronology El nino Holocene Paeloclimate SHWW https://theses.otagogeology.org.nz/files/original/0c399803d8b365b00880b90a24c23779.pdf 93b3bb813c88ca78c213bae35c3d8bad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Geology theses OU Geology thesis Thesis or dissertation completed by University of Otago Geology students Location WKT (WGS84) The location stored in WKT (WGS84) format POLYGON ((169.943609837000054 -45.390036647999978,169.945277857000065 -45.388256518999981,169.956440210000096 -45.376344502999984,170.04119684300008 -45.285693687999981,170.142799314000058 -45.257145548999972,170.143096554000067 -45.257062726999948,170.149093850000099 -45.255371397999966,170.150560850000033 -45.254956738999965,170.155920181000056 -45.256689042999938,170.159105086000068 -45.257720356999982,170.167254661000015 -45.260356767999951,170.224058637000098 -45.278712531999986,170.244007427000042 -45.285149947999969,170.242323866000106 -45.297170409999978,170.233065690000103 -45.36316288699993,170.233003868000083 -45.363593586999968,170.172565082000119 -45.390620703999957,170.1465719360001 -45.40222638399996,170.146588300000076 -45.403005573999963,170.110881834000111 -45.461366512999973,170.108035722000068 -45.466014688999962,170.042390849000071 -45.572950459999959,169.908855286000062 -45.517586992999952,169.868099858000051 -45.470459173999984,169.876425120000022 -45.461603366999952,169.880752663000067 -45.457004033999965,169.943609837000054 -45.390036647999978)) Author last name Last name of the Author Salton Project type Is it an MSc, PhD, BSc(Hons) or PGDipSci? MSc Advisers Who supervised/advised this student Sibson, R. Abstract The Abstract for this thesis Cenozoic deformation of the Central Otago Range and Basin province has been investigated to determine the mechanism of range formation. Mapping in the Rock and Pillar Range revealed macroscopic folds in schistosity which correspond in shape and size to the ranges, suggesting topography is controlled by folding of the schist. This congruence has also been documented in the Raggedy Range, further to the west. The role of the Hyde Fault in uplift of the Rock and Pillar Range has been investigated. Available evidence suggests there is no large throw across the fault and that faulting is subordinate to folding in the formation of the range. Thus the Central Otago ranges are interpreted as macroscopic folds of the upper crust. A mechanical framework for the formation of these folds is presented. An elastic-plastic constitutive law for deformation of the Otago Schist has been derived which incorporates the anisotropy of the schist. Plastic components of the model represent slip on schistosity planes. An elastic-plastic plate may buckle under much lower differential stress than a purely elastic plate, but an initial shear on the schistosity planes is required to initiate folding. This may be imposed externally by a fault or internally by misalignment of schistosity planes. Growth of the folds is controlled by the relative weakness and low friction of the schistosity planes, which allow for easy slip. Folds grow until slip on the schistosity planes is no longer favorable; then faulting across schistosity planes occurs. Scale effects on the initiation and growth of the ranges have been assessed. Finite difference computer modelling was used to simulate the growth of the ranges from an initial perturbation to finite displacement folds. Deformation is permanent and asymmetric. Implications for regional tectonics have been assessed. The principal compression direction may be oblique, rather than perpendicular, to the ranges because pervasive lineation of the schist partly controls the orientation of schistosity fold axes. Therefore these folds need not have formed in response to pure compression, but may result from oblique compression. Department The department where the student is studying primarily. Geology Named locality Named locality describing the field area location. Central Otago Rock and Pillar Range Thesis description Number of pages, maps, CDs, etc. x, 104 leaves : ill. (some col.), maps ; 30 cm. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1993Salton Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Salton, Gillian Greta. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Title A name given to the resource Mechanics of folding in central Otago : an investigation of the recent deformation of the Rock and Piller Range Subject The topic of the resource Structural geology Quaternary geology numerical modelling Otago Schist Quaternary faults Rock and Pillar Range https://theses.otagogeology.org.nz/files/original/d8a728759e7f2b160a2d78b309212486.pdf 37dfba101032beb185f96b823a6a5aa5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Geology theses OU Geology thesis Thesis or dissertation completed by University of Otago Geology students Location WKT (WGS84) The location stored in WKT (WGS84) format POLYGON ((168.47976900653137 -45.393157301963868,168.547227843796463 -44.629278243820963,171.253617329301051 -44.750450922525935,171.212104694564601 -46.004636504752746,169.244768202053365 -45.944214824635985,169.239010790357526 -45.421978855029877,168.47976900653137 -45.393157301963868)) Author last name Last name of the Author Pole Project type Is it an MSc, PhD, BSc(Hons) or PGDipSci? PhD Advisers Who supervised/advised this student Campbell, J.D. Abstract The Abstract for this thesis Four ferns (including Blechnum and Pneumatopteris ) occur as macrofossils in the Lower Miocene Manuherikia Group (of fluvial-lacustrine origin) of Central Otago, New Zealand. There are also 4 conifers (Araucaria, Dacrycarpus, Decussocarpus, and Podocarpus ), 32 taxa of "broadleaved" angiosperms (including Eucalyptus, Metrosideros, Muehlenbeckia, Nothofagus, Ripogonum, Elaeocarpaceae, and Lauraceae), one palm (including vegetative material, fruits, and -flower-heads), Leguminosae remains (including bipinnate leaves and fruits containing seeds) and a variety of other reproductive organs (including those ascribed to Casuarina, Eucalyptus, Cunoniaceae, and possibly Proteaceae). Most taxa are now extinct in New Zealand at the species or generic level. Material (over 3300 specimens) was collected at 53 individual localities throughout the Manuherikia Group. The floras coming from many localities show significant taxonomic differences. The floras are compared with extant physiognomic types occurring in Australia, and on this basis individual plant assemblages are indicative of podocarp notophyll vine forest, araucarian notophyll vine forest, microphyll fern forest (or microphyll vine forest), simple notophyll evergreen vine forest, notophyll feather palm vine forest, and tall open-forest, at times probably closed forest with sclerophyll emergents. Fire is postulated as an important ecological agent in part accounting for these differences, but water-table, rainfall, temperature, and soil fertility were also involved. Climate varied throughout the time of accumulation of the fossil deposits but was broadly similar to that of forested regions in New Zealand today, sometimes warmer, but not tropical. The changing floras throughout two closely spaced, 90 m thick stratigraphic sequences reflect an initially temperate forest, in which Nothofagus was important, progressing to Araucaria and then Eucalyptus vegetation. The succession was a response to decreasing rainfall and increasing fire-frequency. A dramatic increase in rainfall and probably temperature led to the development of subtropical rainforest. Rainfall continued to fluctuate, with periods of increased fire-frequency dominated by Eucalyptus , then rainforest vegetation was reestablished. The flora as a whole was part of a vegetation which was originally widespread over the Australasian region. New Zealand's present vegetation may not be in equilibrium with its climate and its "distinctiveness" probably results from effects of the ice-age. A taxonomic method is adopted whereby leaves and ferns are given parataxon code-names, and those which are confidently identified are also given Linnaean Latin names. A new terminology of leaf architecture is presented which is used in the systematic descriptions. Identification of the material is based on herbarium material collected in New Zealand, Tasmania, north Queensland, Papua New Guinea, and New Caledonia. Department The department where the student is studying primarily. Geology Named locality Named locality describing the field area location. Central Otago Thesis description Number of pages, maps, CDs, etc. xiv. 403p. Ill. Map in text. 30cm. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1989Pole Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pole, M.S. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989 Title A name given to the resource Macropaleobotany of the Miocene Manuherikia Group of New Zealand. Subject The topic of the resource Paleobotany Central Otago fluvial lacustrine Manwherikia Group Megafossils Miocene