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                  <text>Geology theses</text>
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      <name>OU Geology thesis</name>
      <description>Thesis or dissertation completed by University of Otago Geology students</description>
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              <text>POLYGON ((168.652494811000111 -45.109197623999933,168.272391124000023 -45.093349572999955,168.305909163000024 -44.584556480999936,168.690817498000115 -44.598568031999946,168.652494811000111 -45.109197623999933))</text>
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              <text>Begbie</text>
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              <text>Sibson, R.</text>
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          <name>Abstract</name>
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              <text>The Otago Schist belt, derived from the amalgamation of at least two terranes accreted at a Triassic convergent continental margin, experienced a major episode of hydrofracturing and fluid redistribution during early Cretaceous exhumation. As a result, presently exposed pumpellyite-actinolite to lower greenschist quartzofeldspathic schists in NW Otago are per~vaded by abundant quartz-filled hydraulic extension and extensional-shear fractures with ass6ciated normal faults hosting quartz ± scheelite ± gold mineralisation. This fault-fracture network is named the Glenorchy Vein Swarm (GVS) and provides evidence of past hydrothermal flow systems leading to fault initiation and reactivation in the mid-crust. Normal faults and extensional hydrofractures form, respectively at angles between 40-60° and subperpendicular to the schist foliation. Once the effects of younger Cenozoic folding have been removed, schist with subhorizontal foliation on a regional scale contains an aligned array of subvertical hydrofractures striking NNW parallel to a set of low-slip normal faults. The array extends over an area &gt; 1500 km2 and over a depth interval &gt;5 km, representing stresscontrolled structural permeability developed within the low permeability schist assemblage, where flat-lying foliation impeded vertical migration of fluid. The fault-fracture system is inferred to have developed in an extensional regime with o 1 subvertical and o3 oriented WSW-ENE (present coordinates). This depth section with its contained structures likely records the progressive passage of the schist assemblage through the base of the seismogenic zone during extensional exhumation. The hydrofracture array comprises a network of interlinked extensional-shear and pure extension veins leading to bulk extensional strains up to 5%. Vein frequency across strike is typically~ 10 m-1 , with most veins 5- 10 mm thick. Veins hosted by extensional-shear and pure extension fractures show mutually cross-cutting relations and incremental growth textures. Extensional hydrofracturing apparently preceded the development of major throughgoing normal faults. Low-displacement normal faults are infilled with laminated quartz(± scheelite ±gold) veins(&lt; 2 m thick), which typically formed at local dilational sites around fault irregularities. Total displacement across individual faults is on the order of a few tens of metres, with vein textures developed incrementally. The inference is that the faultfracture network developed through distributed seismic activity in the mid-crust, towards the base of the seismogenic zone. Quartz 0180 values from normal faults range from 12.8 to 17.4 per mil and between 13.0 and 14.7 per mil for the fracture network. Oxygen isotopic equilibrium conditions were approached between quartz in the schist (13.0 to 14.8 per mil), fracture network and some of the normal faults. Gradients in 0180 values preserved in the normal faults record changes in the time-integrated fluid flux and reflect the length scale of flow paths. Rapid passage of down-temperature fluid flow from the source to the site of mineral deposition via a hydraulically linked network of faults and fractures resulted in isotopic disequilibrium and quartz veins enriched in 0180 relative to quartz in the host rock. Rare earth element analyses of hydrothermal scheelite precipitated in fault-veins indicates that not all the scheelite was derived from the same source, possibly reflecting local host rock variation. The fault-fracture network defines a regionally distributed paleoflow system that developed toward the bottom half of a brittle c.arapace capping a prograding metamorphic belt. Early development of the GVS was characterised by incremental formation of a hydrofracture array throughout a substantial volume of the schist (&gt; 5000 km3 ). Initiation and reactivation of these structures required a low differential stress and suprahydrostatic fluid pressure with Pr &gt; o 3 • V :I This stage of deformation is inferred to have been the precursor to the development of throughgoing normal faults. Normal faults initiated as optimally oriented structures and remained favourably oriented for continued frictional reactivation during deformation inhibiting other modes of brittle failure. As the faults developed, the distributed hydrofracture array became inactive because the Pr &gt; o3 condition could no longer be attained. Focused flow developed when active components of the hydrofracture array coalesced to form throughgoing normal faults and backbone percolation networks ( ~0.1 - 1 km length scale). Rate of network growth and connectivity must have continually changed as the locus and intensity of deformation changed. Repeated pulses of fluid flow only occurred in active structures where permeability was repeatedly renewed. Incremental vein textures are controlled by repeated fluctuations in either fluid pressure and/or shear stress associated with valving action on hydrofractures and faults. Comparison of fault-vein characteristics with "standard:' earthquake rupture parameters suggests that each vein lamination may represent an episode of fluid discharge and hydrothermal sealing following rupture involving a slip increment of up to a few centimetres (i.e. M &lt; 4). Analogies may be drawn between the formation and subsequent exhumation of the Otago Schist belt, and present-day extensional exhumation and earthquake swarm activity in the Aegean and Tyrrhenian back-arc regions of the Mediterranean. The regional vein swarm thus represents a zone of distributed brittle failure induced by migration of overpressured hydrothermal fluids generated by metamorphism and devolatisation at deeper crusta! levels. The fault-fracture network is interpreted as representing a succession of fluid-driven paleoearthquake swarms. </text>
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              <text>Geology</text>
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              <text>Glenorchy</text>
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              <text>Otago</text>
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              <text> northwest</text>
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              <text>xvi, 207 p. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 30 cm.</text>
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                <text>2003Begbie</text>
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                <text>Begbie, Michael J. (Michael James)</text>
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                <text>2003</text>
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                <text>Regional development of an extensional fault-fracture network in the mid-crust : the Glenorchy vein swarm, NW Otago, New Zealand </text>
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                <text>Structural geology</text>
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                <text> Tectonics</text>
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        <name>fault fracture network</name>
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        <name>Glenorchy vein swarm</name>
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        <name>veins</name>
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      <name>OU Geology thesis</name>
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          <name>Location WKT (WGS84)</name>
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              <text>POLYGON ((167.790581266789701 -45.142539454861115,167.784902128490643 -45.189914685798385,167.704277034220468 -45.187623313151136,167.607989274395408 -45.137375066755084,167.617109768558436 -45.069211732443677,167.680825167103734 -45.070776709802033,167.790581266789701 -45.142539454861115))</text>
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              <text>Zink</text>
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              <text>Landis, C.A.</text>
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              <text> Norris, R.J.</text>
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          <name>Abstract</name>
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              <text>After spreading ceased in the Tasman Sea in the Late Cretaceous, reorganisation of the Pacific-Australia plate boundary within the New Zealand region saw the development of several sedimentary basins during an extensional phase in the Middle Eocene to Oligocene. The Te Anau Basin was one of these basins. During this period, it opened adjacent to the eastern margin of Fiordland, a crystalline basement complex of Paleozoic to Cretaceous age, and is the main subject of this thesis.&#13;
&#13;
A detailed study of sedimentary facies occurring within the up to 7000 m thick basin-fill identified a vast range of lithofacies. Depositional environments represented include alluvial fans and braided and meandering rivers feeding deltas along the margins of the basin. Estuarine conditions are indicated by a diagnostic mollusc fauna. Shallow marine facies include an extensive limestone shelf represented by the Tunnel Burn Formation. A whole series of submarine fans such as the upper Sandfly Formation or the Turret Peaks Formation formed in deeper marine settings. These fans can be observed grading into a hemipelagic background mudstone mapped as Waicoe Formation.&#13;
&#13;
Faults controlling the Te Anau Basin are rarely exposed, but a comparison of sediment sequences allows reconstruction of kinematics, preferred orientation and timing of several fault systems. A NNE striking system, parallel to the basin axis and including the faults controlling the overall halfgraben geometry of the basin, directly reflects the regional tectonic setting. Pre-existing sets of NE and NW trending faults, cutting through Fiordland in straight lines, influenced sedimentation along the western basin margin where they cut it at high angles and produce distinct depocenters.&#13;
&#13;
Paleogeographic reconstruction of SW New Zealand shows the Te Anau and Waiau basins as separate entities throughout much of their history. The Te Anau Basin is shown here to have opened from the south as a north-south trending halfgraben, defining the eastern boundary of Fiordland. It is inferred to have been separated from the Waiau Basin to the east by an elongated basement high, which was subsequently destroyed during Pliocene to Recent compression. A northward connection of the Te Anau Basin with the West Coast Basins as proposed by several previous authors seems unlikely.&#13;
&#13;
The overall tectonic regime in which the Te Anau Basin developed is well constrained from seafloor data. This allows the sedimentary record of basin evolution to be compared directly to an independent plate tectonic model. The "tectonic signal" is isolated from the sedimentary record of the basin and compared with global models for extensional and strike-slip basins. Aspects of both are recognised, compatible with the transtensional origin indicated from plate tectonics. Changing tectonics towards strike-slip and finally transpression are also recognised within the sedimentary record.&#13;
&#13;
A possible modern analogue is the Gulf of California. However, basins opening at the head of the Gulf at present are strike-slip dominated. Only the southern Gulf underwent an early, rifting phase, followed by subsequent transtension. Basins related to this early rifting, like the Loreto Basin, are seen as the closest analogues to the Te Anau Basin.</text>
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          <name>OURArchive handle</name>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10523/3552"&gt;http://hdl.handle.net/10523/3552&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Geology</text>
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              <text>Te Anau (Western Southland)</text>
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              <text>1 v. (various paging) : ill. (some col.), maps (some col., some folded) ; 30 cm.</text>
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                <text>2000Zink</text>
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                <text>Zink, Christoph, 1968-</text>
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                <text>2000</text>
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                <text>Middle Eocene to middle Miocene evolution of the Te Anau basin, western Southland, New Zealand</text>
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                <text>Cenozoic</text>
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                <text> Geophysics</text>
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                <text> Sedimentology</text>
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                <text> Tectonics</text>
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        <name>basin evolution</name>
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        <name>Te Anau</name>
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              <text>POLYGON ((169.803805098021655 -46.349334619907715,169.80847962513451 -46.159608327205575,170.098445019135028 -45.956586659151704,170.294433198982205 -45.847385693662972,170.452614626812903 -45.927014399817466,170.423845552563904 -45.943976264091006,170.138071967022597 -46.197270506545365,169.995722106223695 -46.26696183473257,169.932460764114097 -46.289927770137339,169.913136552827609 -46.303695452017642,169.891819156723045 -46.314151100706567,169.863179033970084 -46.32217930731786,169.829793941895645 -46.334831492362461,169.803805098021655 -46.349334619907715))</text>
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              <text>Litchfield</text>
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              <text>Norris, R.J.</text>
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              <text> Landis, C.A.</text>
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              <text>Koons, P.</text>
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              <text>The southeast Otago region forms the present leading edge of the outboard zone of continental collision between the Pacific and Australian plates. This study focuses on Quaternary motion of two northeast-striking, steeply southeast-dipping, reverse faults, the Akatore and Titri Faults, and subsidence of the Taieri Basin to the west. The Akatore Fault ( ~65km long) alternates between onshore and offshore segments; maximum throw along the central onshore segment is 130m. Holocene fault scarps are well preserved along the central onshore segment. Buried peat and wood horizons in blocked swamps along the fault trace, and two marine terraces preserved along the seaward edge of the block, together record two uplift events post-loess deposition. Radiocarbon dating constrains these events to ~1.15 and ~3.8ka. Uplift per event averages 3m, but increases to a maximum of 4m near the south end of the central onshore segment. Evidence for Pleistocene motion is predominantly from marine terraces; two terraces (35 and 65m) restricted to the Akatore block are interpreted to be 105 and 125ka in age, and indicate a period of Akatore Fault uplift between 80-125ka. From 80-3.8ka, however, the fault appears to have undergone a period of quiescence. The Titri Fault System is also ~65km long, but is probably linked at depth to the reverse Castle Hill Fault to the southwest. Structure contours drawn on basement of the coastal range indicates the "Titri Fault" is segmented; segment lengths range from 13-25km. Maximum total throw is ~650m. The fault system consists of a master fault and several frontal strands; the latter locally deform loess-covered alluvial fans. There is no evidence for Holocene motion. Alluvial fans can be divided into four sets; the oldest two are everywhere deformed, whereas the second-youngest is locally deformed near Moneymore. Optically stimulated · luminescence (OSL) dating provides some control on fan ages, as well as loess stratigraphy. These ages indicate that the last widespread deformation along the Titri Fault System was ~150-70ka, with localised deformation (Moneymore) occurring between 60 and 25ka. Uplift of a marine terrace interpreted to be 80ka in age further constrains the last period of widespread motion to ~80-70ka. Uplift of higher marine terraces indicates earlier fault motion between 125 and 400ka, with evidence from deformed alluvial fans for a major period of deformation and erosion during or stage 7 (245-186ka). The Taieri Basin is a tectonic depression on the downthrown side of the northern Titri Fault System. It is also faulted on its north-western margins by the west-dipping, reverse, Maungatua and North Taieri Faults. The latter faults have deformed alluvial fans of interpreted penultimate glacial and antepenultimate age, but not last glacial age, indicating middle and late Quaternary activity. Water bore logs, drillhole logs, a high resolution seismic survey and gravity surveys indicate the basin is asymmetric, with maximum depths of ~200- 300m occurring adjacent to the Titri Fault-system (southeast side), suggesting the Titri Fault System is controlling subsidence. Synthesising the above evidence for timing of fault movement leads to the interpretation that the Akatore Fault and Titri Fault System are moving episodically, on the time scale of tens of thousands of years. Furthermore, there is some evidence for switching between the two. Episodic behaviour is also recognised in central Otago, and supports the interpretation that the Otago reverse faults are linked by a sub-.horizontal, mid-crusta! ductile shear zone. Episodic behaviour has significant implications for seismic hazard analysis, both in Otago and worldwide.</text>
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              <text>Otago</text>
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              <text>1 v. (various pagings) : ill. (some col., some folded), maps (some col., some folded) ; 30 cm.</text>
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                <text>2000Litchfield</text>
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                <text>Litchfield, N. J. (Nicola Jane), 1972-</text>
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                <text>2000</text>
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                <text>Quaternary deformation at the leading edge of the Otago reverse fault province</text>
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                <text>Quaternary</text>
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                <text> Structural Geology</text>
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                <text> Tectonics</text>
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        <name>deformation</name>
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        <name>leading edge</name>
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        <name>Otago</name>
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        <name>Quaternary</name>
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        <name>reverse fault province</name>
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              <text>POLYGON ((167.603757158000121 -45.408393326999942,167.606603208000024 -45.400543415999948,167.606878792000089 -45.399783184999933,167.612995018000106 -45.382905839999978,167.613714074000086 -45.380920963999984,167.620789638000019 -45.361381842999947,167.627246164000098 -45.343539864999968,167.641871748000085 -45.303079935999961,167.642230012000027 -45.302908817999935,167.697853712000096 -45.276314722999984,167.783726599000033 -45.235161090999952,167.784016813000108 -45.235020864999967,167.874853606000102 -45.239369841999974,167.902713611000081 -45.240687557999934,168.038538150000022 -45.247013221999964,168.088845288000016 -45.305423859999962,168.079080647000069 -45.420130054999959,168.079035609000016 -45.420658018999973,168.06333587000006 -45.604083623999941,167.61541060400009 -45.584369003999939,167.615318217000095 -45.583914235999941,167.613745652000034 -45.576172353999937,167.600949683000067 -45.513097909999942,167.590268868000067 -45.460341831999983,167.58834945600006 -45.450850830999968,167.591880585000013 -45.441126355999984,167.597557216000041 -45.425485951999974,167.603757158000121 -45.408393326999942))</text>
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              <text>Manville</text>
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              <text>PhD</text>
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              <text>Landis, C.A.</text>
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          <name>Abstract</name>
          <description>The Abstract for this thesis</description>
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              <text>The late Miocene to Pliocene Prospect Formation forms the topmost non-glacial unit in the central Te Anau basin, with its distal correlatives extending south into the northern Waiau basin. The lower part of the formation consists of a number of coarse-grained deltaic systems which prograded across the originally marine Te Anau basin from tectonically uplifted source areas to either side. The upper part of the formation is dominated by gravelly . braided stream deposits. Fieldwork has identified a number of fluvial lithofacies assemblages, including massive conglomerate, cyclothemic sands, and coal-bearing sequences. Several petrofacies, based on the provenance signature of the sediments are recognised in addition. Five stratigraphic members have been defined within the Prospect Formation. The Prospect Formation is grouped with its distal equivale~~, the Rowallan Sandstone and Te Waewae Formation into a single lithostratigraphic group, named here the 'Wilderness Group'. Analysis of over 200 km of seismic lines from the central Te Anau basin has identified the base of the formation, in addition to two seismic members and a major internal reflector between them~. Structure contours on the base of the Prospect Formation derived from the '( seismic data permit the construction of a stratigraphic correlation chart foi,:Unit, allowing the relative st~atigraphic positions of widely dispersed outcrops to be constrained. The maximum thickness of the formation is estimated at in excess of 3.5 km. The Prospect Formation is largely derived from three $eparate and petrographically distinct basement terranes, the Fiordland Complex, the Caples Terrane, and the Takitimu Group (southern Brook Street Terrane). Analysis of clast populations from gravels and the point-counting of sands from throughout tp.e Prospect Formation demonstrates variations in - the relative contributions of these source areas in both time and space. Palaeocurrent data confirm the pattern of sediment transport and dispersal systems indicated from provenance data, with a southwesterly directed major fluvial system sourced from the Caples Terrane and an easterly directed fluvial system sourced from Eastern Fiordland. These systems unite in the southern Te Anau basin and flow south as a single trunk system through the neck between Fiordland and the Takitimu Mountains. The age of the Prospect Formation is constrained by internal pollen dates and the age of the youngest underlying marine sediments. Pollen dates cluster into two groups: an older, latest Miocene (Tongapurutuan-Kapitean) group, an:d a younger, Pliocene (WaipipianNukumuruan) group. Palynofloral assemblages also indicate palaeoclimatic conditions during the period of Prospect Formation deposition, with a deterioration from a warm temperate climate in the late Miocene to a cool or cold temperate climate in the Pliocene. Studies of clay minerals in Prospect Formation sands indicate that most of the clay fraction is detrital in origin, although authigenic smectite is common in Caples-derived sands iii ,I :: ,'I, and minor authigenic kaolinite is found in Fiordland-derived material. Diagenetic carbonates are more diverse, with several generations of dolomite and high-Mg calcite cements developed in parts of the basal marine Prospect Formation. Calcite cements of various morphologies developed in the fluvial members of the Prospect Formation suggest a seasonal climate with periods of aridity in the basin. A single occurrence of an authigenic zeolite mineral, heulandite, is recorded. The Prospect Formation is interpreted to be a syn-tectonic deposit related to the rapid uplift of the basement blocks surrounding the depositional basin. The Te Anau basin is one of several structurally controlled basins in the Western Southland area, adjacent to the IndoAustralian/ Pacific plate boundary in the southern South Island of New Zealand. The area is composed of a mosaic of tectono-stratigraphic basement terranes and their bounding major fault systems, accreted to the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic margin of Gondwana. Changes in the convergence vector across the adjacent plate boundary ca~sed by progressive southeastward migration of the relative pole of rotation during the mid to late Miocene, produced variations in the regional tectonic regime in Western Southland and re-activation of these old fault systems. The position of the continental Challenger Plateau adjacent to the Fiordland Complex crusta! block during the late Miocene, coupled with an oblique convergence vector across the plate boundary adjacent to Western Southland caused Fiordland to rotate clockwise as it was forced northwards along a restraining curve in the Alpine Fault plate boundary. This transferred a component of dextral compressive strain into the more easily deformed Western Southland area to the east, re-activating pre-existing major fault systems. The Caples Terrane was uplifted by a combination of reverse motion on the Livingstone Fault and distributed shortening within the terrane, with the Fiordland Complex uplifted between the Te Anau and Alpine Faults. Theintervening Te Anau basin subsided due to a combination of relative motion and the geometry of the basin-bounding fault systems forming a releasing bend at the basin's southern end. The coupling of large volumes of coarse-grained sediments derived from source area uplift and the creation of accommodation space in the adjacent basin resulted in the deposition of the Prospect Formation. Continued northward movement of the Challenger Plateau on the Alpine Fault during the last 3-5 million years has shifted the locus of maximum deformation north, uplifting the Southern Alps;, and ending deposition of the Prospect Formation in Western Southland. However, eversion of the Te Anau basin and east-west shortening across it, begun in the Pliocene, continues, and the area is still tectonically active.</text>
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              <text>Geology</text>
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          <name>Named locality</name>
          <description>Named locality describing the field area location.</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="33885">
              <text>Te Anau</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="33890">
              <text>1 v. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 30 cm.</text>
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                <text>1995Manville</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="33878">
                <text>Manville, Vernon.</text>
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                <text>1995</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="33881">
                <text>Prospect formation : sedimentology, stratigraphy &amp; significance : late miocene-pliocene syntectonic sediments of the Te Anau Basin, western Southland, New Zealand</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Sedimentology</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="33887">
                <text> Tectonics</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="33888">
                <text> Sedimentary petrology</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="33889">
                <text> Structural geology</text>
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      <tag tagId="833">
        <name>deltaic sedimentation</name>
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        <name>fluvial</name>
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        <name>Pliocene</name>
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      <tag tagId="832">
        <name>Prospect formation</name>
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        <src>https://theses.otagogeology.org.nz/files/original/29fcd9a4e97c30912f8bcbd9233144ba.pdf</src>
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      <name>OU Geology thesis</name>
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          <name>Location WKT (WGS84)</name>
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              <text>POLYGON ((170.95686481028531 -42.956169686841513,171.148560136836636 -42.85888846765922,171.190537833686136 -42.885291486269402,171.001031180614063 -42.994593410151182,170.95686481028531 -42.956169686841513))</text>
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              <text>Wright</text>
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              <text>BSc(Hons)</text>
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              <text>Sibson, R.</text>
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              <text>Norris, R.J.</text>
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          <description>The Abstract for this thesis</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="33765">
              <text>Recent displacements on the Alpine Fault have uplifted a terrace which is laterally equivalent to the gravels of the Hokitika - Kokatahi alluvial plains. Vertical displacement near Granite Creek was calculated as 63± 7 m. The dip on the fan gravels exposed in Muriel Creek demonstrates that the maximum uplift does not occur at the main trace of the Alpine Fault, but rather to the south-east of it. A compressional jog to the north of Doughboy Creek has caused enhanced uplift in the Region of Round Top. The continuation of the fault north of the jog is exposed as a mylonite-derived ultracataclasite thrust over granite in Canada Creek on the eastern edge of Mt. Harry. The compressional jog is currently being sheared off by the formation of new fault planes in the north-west face of Round Top, resulting in the re-alignment of the Alpine Fault to 051° - the average strike for the studied area. Alpine Fault mylonites are exposed in a narrow zone north of the jog. The re-alignment of the Alpine Fault has left them stranded on the footwall of the fault. The high uplift rate in the Round Top area, resulting from the compressional jog, has caused oversteepening of the mountain face. Four large avalanches have occurred from the north-west face of Round Top. The major cause of the avalanches is the high uplift rates; it is likely that they have been triggered by strong vertical accelerations during seismic events on the Alpine Fault. The largest avalanche deposit prior to its partial erosion, consisted of a volume of(4.5±2.8) x 107m3 spread over an area of 5.6±0.7 km2. Coring of trees on the deposit demonstrated that the Round Top Debris Avalanche occurred no less than ~530 years ago.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="33766">
              <text>Geology</text>
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              <text>Kokatahi Valley</text>
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              <text> Westland</text>
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              <text>xii, 142 p., [25] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.), maps ; 30 cm.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="33756">
                <text>1994Wright</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="33759">
                <text>Wright, Craig A. (Craig Andrew)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="33760">
                <text>1994</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="33762">
                <text>Alpine fault and related geology of the Kokatahi Valley, Westland, New Zealand </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="33769">
                <text>Structural geology</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="33770">
                <text> Tectonics</text>
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        <name>Kokatahi River</name>
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              <text>POLYGON ((168.089908935000039 -44.838968334999947,168.087879428000065 -44.86297521299997,168.086713952000082 -44.876741485999958,168.086484319000078 -44.879467842999929,168.048713425000074 -44.877902811999945,168.051100253000072 -44.851116518999959,168.052321912000025 -44.837379749999968,168.05273559200009 -44.832722971999942,168.06901016900008 -44.833357036999985,168.089717860000064 -44.834159573999955,168.090314751000051 -44.834180480999976,168.089908935000039 -44.838968334999947))</text>
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              <text>Landis, C.A.</text>
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              <text>The boundary between the Brook Street Terrane and the Median Tectonic Zone in upper Eglinton Valley ~mapped. This study ).,S: focusse'} on detailed mapping and petrographical studies of the contact between GR 195 825. a-n-d- 2-0-0- 8-4-5- -in Melita Valley. The Brook Street Terrane in the upper Eglinton area is represented by basaltic to basaltic-andesite volcanogenic metasediments and dike rocks of the Eglinton Subgroup. Stratigraphy and structure of Eglinton Subgroup rocks are described and a synclinal fold within the Eglinton rocks is recognised. These units were formerly referred to as the Plato Terrane, a component of the Alabaster Group. Williams and Harper (1978) mapped Plato rocks as having their western margin faulted against the Mistake Diorite (Triassic) by the Eglinton Fault. A single exception to this was mapped in Melita Valley where they interpreted the contact as being intrusive. Uncertainty over the nature of this contact has been heightened since the proposal of a Median Tectonic Zone (Kimbrough et al., 1993), since this contact represents the location of the original Median Tectonic Line and the eastern edge of the recently proposed MTZ. This study supports the intrusive interpretation, as fiel-d observations accurately located four sections showing an intrusive contact. tn addition, an increase in metamorphic grade, from prehnite-pumpellyite to hornblende hornfels fades, is identified in the Eglinton Subgroup as the contact of the Mistake Diorite is approached. A K-Ar date of 180 Ma was obtained from a hornblende separation from the contact zone. Dikes cutting the Eglinton Subgroup, have been correlated with the Mistake Diorite using petrographical and geochemical observations. Correlations are also made with metasediments and leucocratic intrusions in the Skippers Range, which further support an intrusive contact. Faulting along the Eglinton Fault Zone occured subsequent to intrusion and was localised at the intrusive contact due to differences in competency.- The evidence for the intrusive contact implies that the Mistake Diorite may be included within the Brook Street Terrane, and that any fundamental suture (MTZ) is either intruded by the Mistake Diorite or located further to the west.</text>
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              <text>Geology</text>
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              <text>Melita Valley</text>
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              <text> Fiordland</text>
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              <text>87 leaves : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 30 cm.</text>
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                <text>1994Wilson</text>
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                <text>Wilson, Scott Richard, 1972-</text>
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                <text>1994</text>
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                <text>Median tectonic zone : Brook Street Terrane relations in Melita Valley, northeast Fiordland </text>
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                <text>Structural geology</text>
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                <text> Tectonics</text>
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                <text> Petrology</text>
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        <name>Brook Street Terrane</name>
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        <name>Consolation Formation</name>
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        <name>Divide Formation</name>
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        <name>Gondor Formation</name>
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        <name>Gunn Dolerite</name>
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        <name>Kaka Creek Siltstone Member</name>
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        <name>Lake Gunn</name>
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        <name>Median Tectonic Zone</name>
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        <name>Melita Limestone Member</name>
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        <name>Mistake Diorite</name>
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              <text>POLYGON ((169.282590345000017 -45.458336478999968,169.282536356000037 -45.459280576999959,169.282524856000123 -45.459460366999963,169.282495305000111 -45.460022411999944,169.282185535000053 -45.460012597999935,169.164147104000108 -45.457202475999964,169.109240897000063 -45.454464881999968,169.105110935000084 -45.454255616999944,169.011116757000082 -45.450921536999942,168.974504028000069 -45.449600961999977,168.968946740000092 -45.449400734999983,168.869013238000093 -45.445731160999969,168.875109721000058 -45.372194341999943,168.875256578000062 -45.370397502999936,168.875328407000097 -45.369521551999981,168.875681772000121 -45.365222683999946,168.876023160000045 -45.356188563999979,168.876358167000035 -45.352461183999935,168.881775157000106 -45.282071228999939,168.881928583000104 -45.280085393999968,168.881962960000124 -45.279600056999982,168.882933856000022 -45.266474934999962,168.894343970000023 -45.266791579999961,168.899412534000021 -45.266974398999935,168.899628908000068 -45.266982005999978,168.906021220000071 -45.267211060999955,169.176069845000029 -45.277499553999974,169.177531469000087 -45.277538365999931,169.29449176300011 -45.280403413999977,169.289546832000042 -45.370875209999951,169.288860097000111 -45.379541502999984,169.282590345000017 -45.458336478999968))</text>
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              <text>Stirling</text>
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              <text>MSc</text>
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              <text>Landis, C.A</text>
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              <text>The late Cenozoic tectonics and geomorphology of a 700 square kilometre area of remnant peneplain topography comprising the Old Man Range, Obelisk Range and Garvie Mountains, Central Otago, have been investigated. This study combined with existing data from Otago show that the peneplain was originally devoid of significant relief (maximum paleorelief = 500m/10km, in west) and is underlain by a broadly low angle schistosity (c. 0-20°). Tertiary sediments in the area indicate that the peneplain surface has been vertically offset by up to c. 1500 metres. Quartzose Potters Gravels (new name) have a palynologically determined Waipipian maximum age, and were reworked from Manuherikia Group sediments during early uplift of the schist ranges. &#13;
Mapping has revealed a consistently low angle relationship between schistosity and peneplain attitude, and dominance of distributed deformation (flexure) over fault displacement deformation. Undulations in topography are thus mirrored by equivalent undulations in underlying schistosity, and the study area has been divided into nine fault bounded tectonotopographic blocks (new term). Three fault provinces are also recognised. Tabulation of joint orientations shows D (ESE) sets to dominate in the west and C and D (ENE-ESE) sets to dominate in the east. They are geometrically and genetically related to pre-Cenozoic faults (Nevis-Cardrona and Old Man fault systems, the latter of which does not displace the peneplain significantly), and reactivated according to flexure of blocks. Fold axes of blocks trend north-northeast in the west and north-northwest in the east. Heterogeneous strain distribution is evidenced by variable shortening percentages/axes of blocks and contrasts with bordering tectonic basins. Shortening by folding is calculated through measurement of angular spread of poles to topography and schistosity attitudes on stereonets. Shortening values of 3.1% (schistosity-derived) and 3.8% (peneplain-derived) on an axis 081 are calculated for the study area. The axis is similar to geodetic PHS directions and plate convergence vectors for Central Otago (Blick 1986, Walcott 1978). A transpressional en echelon folding model has been developed with the aid of Surface II graphics and Fourier analysis. Regional peneplain and schistosity-derived values of 1% shortening are calculated in the east (Taieri Ridge area), and up to 26% in the west (Cardrona-Moonlight block). Shortening values are similar to those required by the crustal bending model (Norris 1979). Late Cenozoic bending and rotation is evidenced by a c. 10° northward convergence in schist lineation trend (equivalent to Old Man and Nevis fault convergence). Considerable shortening is indicated by steep schistosity attitudes in west Otago/Northern Southland, where the peneplain is not preserved. Schistosity attitude could be used in late Cenozoic strain analysis outside Otago (e.g. Marlborough schists). &#13;
Landform studies show the upland peneplain to have suffered minimal degradation in the late Cenozoic. Tors have been formed by erosion of a weathered zone of irregular depth (0 to 10 metre depth at the Potters depression), and are thus genetically inseparable from lower altitude tors. They occur where jointing is well developed (i.e. dependant on degree of flexure) and in areas relatively sheltered from the southwest. XRD analysis of clays from the study area and from Quaternary-late Tertiary sediments in the upper Clutha Valley has constrained kaolinite age as pre dating deposition of the Maori Bottom Formation. Additionally, erosion of the peneplain has been limited to removal of the weathered zone. A degradation rate (3-10 mm/1000 y) is calculated, based on known thicknesses of the weathered zone. This degradation rate is similar to rates determined in tectonically inactive cold temperate and arctic environments. Clay and landform studies could be used for identification of the peneplain surface outside Central Otago.</text>
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              <text>Geology</text>
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          <name>Named locality</name>
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              <text>Old Man Range</text>
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              <text> Garvie Mountains</text>
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              <text>xiv. 179 p., ill. Maps, ; 30 cm</text>
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                <text>1988Stirling</text>
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                <text>Stirling, MW</text>
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                <text>1988</text>
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                <text>Tectonic Geomorphology of the Old Man Range and Garvie Mountains, Central Otago.</text>
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                <text>Geomorphology</text>
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                <text> Tectonics</text>
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        <name>Fraser River</name>
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        <name>Old Man Range</name>
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        <name>Otago Region</name>
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              <text>Fraser Complex, replacing Fraser Formation, is a variably mylonitised suite of diverse igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks in central Westland, New Zealand. Fraser Complex is bounded to the east by the Alpine Fault against Alpine schist of the Older Torlesse Terrane, and bounded to the west by the Fraser Fault and the Bald Hill Range Thrust against Karamea Terrane Greenland Group, granitoids and Cenozoic sediments. Interlayered amphibolite facies gneisses from Fraser Complex are collectively known as Mt Misery Metamorphic Suite, comprising the metapelitic garnet+biotite+sillimanite±kyanite±K-feldspar Hokitika Gneiss, the metabasic hornblende±epidote±biotite±garnet Doctor Creek Gneiss, and the migmatitic biotite+K-feldspar±garnet Hokitika Gneiss. The variability of garnet-biotite and garnet-hornblende geotherrnometry is attributed to retrogressive effects. &#13;
Intrusive into Mt Misery Metamorphic Suite are Fraser Peak Granite and Doughboy Tonalite, S-type granitoids which are chemically distinct from Karamea and Separation Point Batholith granitoids, and have probably derived from melting of Hokitika Gneiss. Camptonite lamprophyre, trachyte and basalt dykes intrude Mt Misery Metamorphic Suite, Fraser Peak Granite and Dough boy Tonalite. Most of the dykes have a similar mineralogy and geochemistry to Hohonu Range dykes and may be early Cretaceous also. &#13;
Enveloping Mt Misery Metamorphic Suite and igneous lithologies are numerous mylonite zones. Mylonitisation does not increase in intensity towards either the Alpine Fault or the Fraser Fault. Mylonite foliation generally dips steeply to the southeast, striking subparallel to the Alpine Fault trend. Mylonitic lineations generally plunge gently NE or SW, and the variability is attributed largely to sheath folding. Microstructural shear senses are predominantly dextral, although deformation is inhomogeneous. Mylonite protolithology can usually be sourced to Mt Misery Metamorphic Suite, Fraser Peak Granite or dyke lithologies. Albite-chlorite-actinolite-titanite, with some biotite recrystallisation, and deformation/recrystallisation of quartz and feldspar indicates mid greenschist facies conditions during mylonitisation. Mylonitisation postdates all dyke intrusions with one known exception, a basaltic dyke which truncates mylonite foliation and gives a minimum age of mylonitisation of late Miocene. The basaltic Smith Gorge dyke intrudes Doctor Creek Gneiss, not mylonite. Intrusion of lamprophyre, trachyte and most basalt dykes gives a maximum age of mylonitisation, of early-mid Cretaceous, rather than a minimum age as previously believed.&#13;
High-grade gneisses occur throughout Westland and share similar metamorphic grade and mineralogy with Fraser Complex. Regional correlation of the gneisses as basement to Cambro-Ordovician Greenland Group is challenged by a 158 Ma U-Pb zircon age interpreted to date highgrade metamorphism of Fraser Complex. K-Ar dating of Fraser Complex gneisses and mylonites has indicated excess argon contributions to hornblende ages of 228-298 Ma, and possibly to whole rock ages of 45-91 Ma and to biotite ages of 44-61 Ma. The K-Ar biotite ages are incompatible with mid greenschist facies conditions during dextral strike-slip mylonitisation associated with Alpine Fault movement in the mid-late Tertiary. &#13;
Uplift of Fraser Complex occurred along the Fraser Fault around 9 Ma, and ceased before deposition of Pliocene silts and conglomerates. The Fraser Fault is a steeply dipping zone of cataclasite, and is redefined to exclude locally crosscutting thrust faults. Initiation of movement and rapid uplift along the Bald Hill Range Thrust is recorded in Shadow Formation, a late Quaternary, periglacial marine silt and conglomerate sequence. Thrust surfaces underlying schist nappes up to 2 km northwest of the most recent Alpine Fault trace, with the Bald Hill Range Thrust are believed to be older, now inactive surface traces of the Alpine Fault which have migrated with time. Newly-discovered recent traces of the Alpine Fault show thrusting of Alpine schist over recent gravels. Two successively-underthrust gravels from Kaka Creek yielded radiocarbon ages of 3350 and 2600 years B.P., and give a minimum convergence rate across the Alpine Fault of 6.7 ± 1.5 mm/year. These ages extend an apparent 500 year return interval of large earthquakes in a relatively aseismic portion of the Alpine Fault.</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10523/3459"&gt;http://hdl.handle.net/10523/3459&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Geology</text>
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              <text>Westland</text>
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              <text> central</text>
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                <text>Rattenbury, Mark Sinclair</text>
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                <text>Fraser complex and alpine fault tectonics, central Westland, New Zealand</text>
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                <text> Structural geology</text>
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                <text> Metamorphic geology</text>
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                <text> Igneous petrology</text>
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                <text> Tectonics</text>
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        <name>Alpine Fault</name>
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        <name>geochronology</name>
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              <text>POLYGON ((169.790884564000066 -44.582247909999978,169.758706162000067 -44.497849782999936,169.76191046100007 -44.494769115999929,169.778427935000082 -44.478883,169.780422440000052 -44.476961553999956,169.782513000000108 -44.474948176999931,169.801794925000081 -44.456384293999974,169.90667832400004 -44.459570356999961,169.934641397000064 -44.478394433999938,169.937485948000017 -44.480311484999959,169.94063769100012 -44.482434713999965,169.948650869000062 -44.487820203999945,169.953381473000036 -44.491002340999955,169.966773640000042 -44.500004198999932,169.974380779000057 -44.505115933999946,169.972151746000122 -44.544900028999962,169.969730650000088 -44.588132676999976,169.969267219000017 -44.588692441999967,169.944542543000011 -44.618578427999978,169.911767970000028 -44.658138807999933,169.81911759400009 -44.656091309999965,169.790884564000066 -44.582247909999978))</text>
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              <text>Udy</text>
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              <text>Landis, C.A.</text>
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              <text>Koons, P.</text>
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              <text>Norris, R.J.</text>
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              <text>A geological study of the Omarama Basin (inland North Otago) involving field mapping, scanning electron microscopy, and previous palynological data indicates that the late Tertiary-early Quaternary (new) Mackenzie Group gravels and silts of the Mackenzie Basin represent deposition in a glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine environment. These sediments are the oldest (Mangapanian -Hautawan, Mildenhall,1980) records of a glaciation within the Mackenzie Basin. Several generations of late Quaternary sediments have also been mapped, including the Aviemore Formation glaciofluvial gravels which represent the most recent advance of the last major Pleistocene (Otira) glaciation. 
A gravity survey of the area indicates: 
i) the depth of sediment within the Omarama Basin may exceed 500m in the centre of the basin, and in the Omarama Stream valley it increases northward from ~20m at the head of the valley to over 200m near Twin Peaks Station, 
ii) the Ewe Range is extensively sheared as a result of movement within the Hawkdun Fault Zone. This shearing has produced extensive zones of low density crushed rock which are readily apparent on the survey traverses as gravity lows. The two dimensional models produced for these profiles suggest that the Hawkdun Fault is a high angle reverse fault, and geological evidence indicates compression in a NE-SW direction across the zone. In the light of the present tectonic regime in the South Island, it seems very likely that there is a considerable component of strike slip movement along this fault, 
iii) the Ostler Fault Zone in this area is more complex than previously thought and consists of at least three low angle, imbricate reverse faults. This zone may be the toe region of a large scale fold and thrust belt which has been thrust from the northwest due to the compressional tectonic regime present in the South Island since the Miocene. 
Several minor faults are associated with the two major fault zones in the area. These have been inferred on the basis of Landsat photograph lineaments, lineament patterns on aerial photographs, the presence of extensive piedmont gravel fans and topography. A presence of a combination of these features may prove useful in mapping the areal extent of faulting elsewhere in Otago. 
On the basis of field observations it is suggested that the wetland areas that have developed at the Aviemore Formation-Alluvial Fan Gravel contacts may be a potential source of irrigation water during the dry summer months. Likewise, the extensive crush zones on the flanks of the Ewe Range may also have the potential to produce significant quantities of water. Further investigation of these possible resources, and of the ground water resource in the Red Flat area is warranted.</text>
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              <text>Geology</text>
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              <text>Omarama Basin</text>
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              <text>iii. 96 p. diagms, photos, map,(folded in pocket); 30 cm.</text>
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                <text>1987Udy</text>
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                <text>Udy, AJ</text>
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                <text>1987</text>
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                <text>A geological and geophysical survey of the Omaramara Basin.</text>
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                <text>Cenozoic</text>
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                <text> Geomorphology</text>
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                <text> Geophysics</text>
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                <text> Lithostratigraphy</text>
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                <text> Tectonics</text>
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        <name>Aviemore Formation</name>
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        <name>Benmore Formation</name>
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          <description>Is it an MSc, PhD, BSc(Hons) or PGDipSci?</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="32085">
              <text>BSc(Hons)</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="61">
          <name>Named locality</name>
          <description>Named locality describing the field area location.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="32087">
              <text>Manuherikia Basin</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="32080">
                <text>1985Moore</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="32083">
                <text>Moore, JG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="32084">
                <text>1985</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="32086">
                <text>A gravity survey within the Manuherikia Basin.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="32088">
                <text>Geophysics</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="32089">
                <text> Tectonics</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="417">
        <name>basement warping</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="366">
        <name>gravity survey</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
